These temperature gauges are suitable for the monitoring of temperatures in gases, vapours and liquids in vessels and pipelines. The thermometer is housed in a case with a cutout for the scale display. Machine glass thermometers are often used with a V-shaped case. A strip made from permanently-laminated rolled sheets, made from metals having different coefficients of expansion "bimetal" , will bend as a result of any temperature changes.
The bending is roughly proportional to the change in temperature Products Temperature Temperature gauge. Temperature gauge by WIKA Temperature gauges operate on the gas-actuated, bimetal or expansion principle. WIKA offers a wide portfolio of temperature gauges:. Bimetal thermometers. Expansion thermometers. Gas-actuated thermometers. With this large and fast nature, the NTC thermistor does require linearization — so there is some mathematics involved. A thermometer is generally what we think of when we think temperature — particularly the mercury-filled glass tube.
Ethanol is now the main liquid used in these thermometers. Bi-Metal Thermometer: this thermometer type consists of a connected gauge and stem.
The tip of the sensor has a spring that is attached to a rod, leading up to the gauge needle. The spring sits inside the stems sensing end. When heat is applied to the sensing coil, movement in the coil is created which causes the needle in the gauge to move — thus displaying the temperature.
There is a bulb either filled with gas or liquid. A Bourdon Tube is a thin metal — usually brass or copper — tube that is filled with an easily vaporized fluid, typically alcohol. It is sealed at both ends. At the gauge end it is formed into a circle or spiral with its end attached to the indicating needle by some form of linkage. The other end is fitted to a water-tight connector that is in direct contact with the coolant in the engine. As the coolant warms up the alcohol in the Bourdon tube expands.
The expansion transfers its force to the coiled end of the tube inside the gauge. As the coil or spiral unwinds it pulls the linkage on the needle, which in turn shows a temperature reading on the gauge face. The gauges are calibrated during the manufacturing stage and are not adjustable afterward. ETTTH resistance temperature probes are fully interchangeable.
ETTTH temperature probe consists of a resistance-temperature curve matched thermistor epoxy encapsulated in copper tubing for faster thermal response and environmental protection. The tube is flattened at the tip so that it can be fixed to any reasonably flat metal or concrete surface for measurement of surface temperature. The flat tip of the probe can be fixed to most surfaces with the help of easily available two-part epoxy adhesives. If desired, the probe can also be bolted down to the surface of the structure.
The temperature probe is provided with a four-core cable used as a standard in all Encardio-rite vibrating wire strain gauges. The white and green coloured wires are used for the thermistor similar to the other Encardio-rite vibrating wire sensors. The pair of red and black wires is left unused. The uniform colour scheme across different sensors makes it easier to have error-free connections with a data logger terminal.
The resistance element is housed in a closed-end robust stainless steel tubing which protects the element against moisture. The resistance temperature probe works on the principle that sensor resistance is a function of the sensed temperature. The platinum RTD has very good accuracy, linearity, stability and repeatability. The red wire provides one connection and the two black wires together provide the other.
Thus, compensation is achieved for lead resistance and temperature change in lead resistance. The resistance temperature sensor readings can be read easily using a digital RTD temperature indicator.
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The Encardio-rite offers T-type thermocouple Copper-Constantan for the measurement of internal temperature in concrete structures. It consists of two dissimilar metals, joined together at one end. When the junction of the two metals is heated or cooled a voltage is produced that can be correlated back to the temperature. Thermocouple measurement consists of a thermocouple wire with two dissimilar conductors Copper-Constantan joined at one end to form a hot junction. This end is sealed against corrosion and placed at the required locations of temperature measurement.
The other end of the thermocouple wire is connected to a suitable thermocouple connector to form a cold junction. The thermocouple readout displays a direct reading of the temperature at the installed location and automatically compensates for the temperature at the cold junction. A temperature sensor is an instrument used to measure the degree of hotness or coolness of an object whereas, a temperature transmitter is a device that is interfaced with a temperature sensor to transmit the signals to a remote location for monitoring and control purposes.
This means, a thermocouple, RTD, or a thermistor is connected to a data logger to get the data at any remote location. Except for the procedure adopted during construction, the greatest single factor in causing stress in mass concrete is due to the temperature change. For analysing the development of thermal stress and for control of artificial cooling, it is, therefore, necessary to monitor the temperature variation of concrete during construction.
For this, the temperature should be accurately measured at many points in the structure, in the water and in the air. A sufficient number of sensors should be embedded to get a correct picture of temperature distribution at various points in the structure. In a large concrete dam, a typical scheme would be to place a temperature probe every 15 — 20 m along the cross-section and every 10 m along the elevation. For smaller dams, the spacing may be reduced. Temperature probe placed in the upstream face of a dam evaluates the reservoir temperature as it varies throughout the year.
This is much easier than dropping a thermometer in the reservoir every now and then to take observations. During operation of a concrete dam, diurnal and seasonal changes in the environment, play havoc as far as the development of thermal stresses in the structure is concerned. The effect is more pronounced on the downstream side.
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